Materi ILMU KOMPUTER DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

MATERIAL 1 SCIENCE COMPUTER
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
• According to CSAB (Computing Sciences Accreditation Board):
Computer Science is a science related to computers and computing. In it there are theoretical, experimental, and component design, and include things related to: theories to understand device computers, programs, and systems, experiments for the development and testing of concepts, design methodologies, algorithms, and tools to realize them , Analytical method to prove that the realization is in accordance with the requirements requested

• According to Denning
Computer Science is a systematic study of algorithmic processes that explain and transform information: whether it relates to theories, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, or applications that are in it. The basic question related to Computer Science is, "What can be automated efficiently". From the similarities in the use of terminology and the meaning of meaning in the definition used above, it can be concluded that Computer Science is a science that contains theory, methodology, design and implementation, related to computing, computers, and algorithms in the perspective of software and hardware (hardware).

Wrong Perception About Computer Science
Some misconceptions about Computer Science:
• Computer Science is the study of computers. Computer Science is not the only science of learning about computers, as well as astronomy which is not a science of telescopes, or biology is also not a science that only learns about microscopes. Computers, telescopes and microscopes are tools of science, and not science itself.
• Computer Science is the study of how to write computer programs.
• Computer Science is the study of the use of computer applications.

Some Branches of Computer Science
1. Computational Mathematics
Computational mathematics is mathematics that uses computing specifically with computers to solve mathematical problems.
2. Internet security
Internet security is an activity to protect and maintain resources and personal information on the internet.
When a computer is connected to a network and starts communicating with each other, it will start at risk. Internet security includes: account protection
(account) and internet files in a computer against user intrusion
foreign. A simple example is choosing a good password, changing file permissions and backing up computer data.
3. Data Warehouse
Data warehouse is a system that consolidates data periodically from existing systems, into a dimensional storage. In general, data warehouses store historical data for several years and are queried for business intelligence or other analytical activities.
Datawarehouse collects historical data which can then be presented as comprehensive material for management to be able to make decisions, analyze organizational requirements, and forecast the conditions of the organization based on data.

4. Mobile Computing
Mobile computing is using mobile computer equipment. Mobile Computing always means wireless transmission but not vice versa, wireless transmission does not always mean mobile computing.

5. Algorithms
In solving problems with the help of computers, the first step is to design (design). Design presents the programmer's way of thinking in solving problems. This design contains a sequence of steps to achieve a solution written in descriptive notations. The sequence of systematic steps to solve the problem is called ALGORITHM. The steps in the Algorithm must be logical and must be determined to be false or correct.

6. Practical considerations Example:
• An algorithm is not only correct and reliable, but also must be accurate and quite efficient. A numerical algorithm that accumulates errors that are too large for rounding may not be accurate.
• An algorithm that requires too many iterations might cause too much memory & storage usage.
• Making program code (analyzing the most frequently executed program statements) and techniques for making code more efficient in certain cases. In this case also need to keep in mind that an algorithm that is efficient in one problem becomes less efficient for another problem, so it requires other algorithms that are more efficient.

7. Computer Programming
Is a collection of separate instructions that are usually called source code made by programmers (program makers), in a programming language.

Compiler
The compiler or interpreter can be likened to a dictionary that serves to translate programming languages written by programmers into machine language so that the computer can work in accordance with the provisions of the program written. Machine language is a language known by computers

8. Human Interaction with computers (Human-Computer Interaction)
Providing ways for communication between computers and humans.
Example: development of three-dimensional input & output, handwriting & speech recognition.

9. Operating Systems (Operating Systems) is a software system whose duty is to exercise control and management
hardware and basic system operations, including running application software such as word processing programs and web browsers.

10. Programming system
System programming is the activity of system programming software.
The characteristics of this programming system are aimed at producing software that provides services to users (eg word processors), hardware (eg disk defragmenters).

11. CRM
• CRM is an IT industry term for methodologies, strategies, software (or other web-based applications) that can help a company (enterprise, if it is large in size) to manage its relationships with customers
• CRM is an enterprise's effort to concentrate on keeping customers (so as not to run to competitors) by gathering all forms of customer interaction whether via telephone, email, input on the site or the results of talks with sales and marketing staff
• CRM is a comprehensive business strategy of a company that enables the company to effectively manage relationships with customers

12. Geographic Information System
Following, some definitions of GIS according to experts:
• According to Aronaff, 1989.
GIS is an information system based on computer work that incorporates, manages, manipulates and analyzes data and provides descriptions.
• According to Barrough, 1986.
GIS is a useful tool for collecting, stockpiling, retrieving desired data and displaying spatial data that comes from world realities.
• According to Marble et al, 1983.
GIS is a spatial data handling system.
• According to Berry, 1988.
GIS is an information system, internal reference, and spatial data automation.
• According to Calkin and Tomlison, 1984.
GIS is an important computerized data system.
• According to Linden, 1987.
GIS is a system for managing, storing, processing (manipulating), analyzing and displaying data spatially related to the face of the earth.
• According to Petrus Paryono.
GIS is a computer-based system that is used to store, manipulate and analyze geographic information.

From the above definitions it can be concluded that:
GIS is the management of geographic data based on computer work (machines).

13. Management Information System
The definition of a management information system, a term commonly known to people is a human / machine system that is integrated (intregated) to present information to support the functions of operations, management, and decision making in an organization. This system uses hardware and computer software, guideline procedures, management models and decisions, and a "data base".
14. Object-oriented programming (OOP)
OOP (Object Oriented Programming) is object oriented programming. This programming enhances the quality and productivity of software development. The development program is carried out with a building block approach. Each block, called an object, is independent and is able to run on its own or key to each other easily and automatically.
15. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
An ERP system is a terminology given to an integrated information system that supports daily transactions or operations in the management of company resources. These resources include funds, people, machinery, spare parts, time, materials and capacity.

16. Computer networks
A computer network is a system consisting of computers and other network devices that work together to achieve a common goal. The purpose of computer networks is:
• Sharing resources: for example sharing printer usage, CPU, memory, hard disk
• Communication: for example electronic mail, instant messaging, chatting
• Access information: for example web browsing

17. Ad-hoc Networks
Ad hoc networks are usually associated with wireless devices. When a connection has been made between two or more computers without a station base, they have formed an ad hoc network. Ad hoc who still holds the definition in this case because the connection is not fixed but has been formed temporarily to meet certain needs.

18. Database management system (DBMS)
Is a system or software (software) designed to manage a database and run operations on data that many users ask.

19. Artificial Intelligent
Definition of AI: is a process in which mechanical equipment can carry out events using thinking or intelligence like humans.

The capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and optimization through experience.
AI is a branch of computer science that attempts to approximate the results of human reasoning by organizing and manipulating factual and heuristic knowledge. Area of AI includes: Expert systems, Natural Language Processing, speech recognition, Computer vision, and robotic.
• Expert System: a computer program designed to make decisions such as decisions taken by one or several experts. According to Marimin (1992), expert systems are computer software systems that use science, facts, and thinking techniques in decision making to solve problems that usually only can be solved by experts in the relevant field.
• Natural Language Processing
NLP is a scientific discipline that combines linguistics with computer science, especially artificial intelligence.

Applications NLP:
· Voice-controlled computer interfaces (eg in the cockpit of an aircraft)
· Programs that can make characters in the game interact more realistic
· Robots that can interact with humans, for example in hospitals · Data mining, to know consumer profiles, and e-commerce applications.

Data Mining

Some of the understanding of data mining proposed by experts are as follows:
• In simple data mining can be defined as extracting information or patterns that are important or interesting from data in a large database so that it becomes very valuable information (Sucahyo, 2003)
• Data mining is an efficient discovery process that is the best pattern that can produce something of value from a very large data collection (Anonymous).
• Data mining is a beneficial pattern in searching a database contained in a model. This process is carried out repeatedly (iterations) to obtain a satisfying set of patterns that can function as expected (Chung, 2004).
• Data mining is a class of a database application that looks for patterns hidden in a data group that can be used to predict future behavior (Anonymous).

Based on some of the above meanings, it can be concluded that data mining is:
a technique in extracting valuable information that is hidden or hidden in a very large data collection so that an interesting pattern is discovered that was not previously known.

If a data mining algorithm is applied to a software, data mining software not only replaces the presentation, but actually finds something previously unknown, to appear between existing data sets. The output of data mining software can be used as material for consideration to predict future behavior or trends. Data mining appeared after many of the data owners both individuals and organizations experienced a buildup of data that has been accumulated for several years, such as purchasing data, sales data, customer data, transaction data, e-mail, and so on. Then the question arises from the data owner, what should be done with the data stack.
• Speech recognition
Speech recognition aims at the introduction and synthesis of human speech.
• Computer Vision
Computer Vision is the use of digital computer techniques to describe, recognize and interpret information in three-dimensional visual images of the world • Robotic
Focused on the production of mechanical devices that can control motion. For example: a simple robot can or can move / move to the front, back, right or left or move to a different room. A robot is actually blind in the form of a sequence of actions if without an effort to replace its components or be able to detect and correct errors in the plan it would be difficult if without intelligence.

Exercise:
1. What is the meaning of computer science?
2. Mention the branches of computer science and their use in everyday life
3. What is the difference from Data Mining and Data warehouse

1. Computer Science is the study of computers. Computer Science is not the only science of learning about computers, as well as astronomy which is not a science of telescopes, or biology is also not a science that only learns about microscopes. Computers, telescopes and microscopes are tools of science, and not science itself.
  2.   1. Computational Mathematics
        2. Internet security
        3. Data Warehouse
        4. Mobile Computing
        5. Algorithms
 3. Data Mining
         Some of the understanding of data mining proposed by experts are as follows:
• In simple data mining can be defined as extracting information or patterns that are important or interesting from data in a large database so that it becomes very valuable information (Sucahyo, 2003)
• Data mining is an efficient discovery process that is the best pattern that can produce something of value from a very large data collection (Anonymous).
• Data mining is a beneficial pattern in searching a database contained in a model. This process is carried out repeatedly (iterations) to obtain a satisfying set of patterns that can function as expected (Chung, 2004).
• Data mining is a class of a database application that looks for patterns hidden in a data group that can be used to predict future behavior (Anonymous).

Based on some of the above meanings, it can be concluded that data mining is:
a technique in extracting valuable information that is hidden or hidden in a very large data collection so that an interesting pattern is discovered that was not previously known.

    Data Warehouse
            Data warehouse is a system that consolidates data periodically from existing systems, into a dimensional storage. In general, data warehouses store historical data for several years and are queried for business intelligence or other analytical activities.
Datawarehouse collects historical data which can then be presented as comprehensive material for management to be able to make decisions, analyze organizational requirements, and forecast the conditions of the organization based on data.

Soal Toefl Bahasa inggris Bisnis 2

1. Look at this street, it is very muddy, it ______ have rained heavily last night.
    A. will
    B. would
    C. could
    D. must

Jawaban : D
Key word : muddy; last night
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terdapat kata muddy (berlumpur) dan frasa rained heavily last night (hujan deras tadi malam) yang merupakan dugaan penyebab berlumpurnya jalan itu. Jadi rained heavily last night menjadi kepastian (must).

2. The child ate up all the meal we had served. He ______ very hungry.
    A. will have been
    B. could have been
    C. must have been
    D. would have been

Jawaban : C
Key word : ate up all; very hungry
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat dikatakan si anak memakan semua masakan yang dihidangkan. Karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa anak itu pasti (must) sangat kelaparan.

3. Alfred visited some countries in Asia, Europe and America. He bought luxurious things for his wife and children. He ______ a lot of money.
    A. could have
    B. would have
    C. ought have
    D. must have had

Jawaban : D
Key word : bought luxurious things
Pembahasan : Frasa bought luxurious things (membeli barang-barang mahal) sudah pasti (must) dikaitkan dengan mempunyai banyak uang (a lot of money).

4. Berta : “Can I have your report soon?”
    Jono : “Sure, I ______ it before you go to the meeting.
    A. will finished
    B. will have finished
    C. am going to finish
    D. am finishing

Jawaban : B
Key word : before you go
Pembahasan : Frasa before you go to the office (sebelum kau pergi ke kantor) menunjukkan prediksi atas aktivitas yang terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Namun penggunaan before juga menunjukkan suasana future perfect (telah selesai dilakukan di masa yang akan datang).

5. Dina : Roni, that is the most popular book nowadays.
    Roni : Oh yes. It must have been written by a distinguished professor.
    From the dialogue we know that indeed a distinguished professor ______ that book.
    A. wrote
    B. would write
    C. should write
    D. planned to write

Jawaban : A
Key word : It must have been written
Pembahasan : Frasa pada kata kunci menunjukkan bahwa proses penulisan buku ini telah selesai. Satu-satunya pilihan jawaban yang menunjukkan proses itu telah selesai adalah wrote (dalam bentuk lampau).

6. Mom and Dad just left for the airport twenty minutes ago, so they _____ there yet.
    A. can’t have gotten
    B. shouldn’t have gotten
    C. had better have gotten
    D. could have gotten

Jawaban : B
Key word : just; so
Pembahasan : Frasa just left berarti “baru saja pergi”. Kata sambung so menunjukkan kesimpulan bahwa Ibu dan Ayah pastinya belum akan sampai di bandara (shouldn’t have gotten).

7. Although research scientists had hoped that the new drug interferon _____ to be a cure for cancer, its applications now appear to be more limited.
    A. prove
    B. had proven
    C. would prove
    D. will prove

Jawaban : C
Key word : had hoped
Pembahasan : Karena pada anak kalimat terdapat harapan dalam bentuk past perfect (had hoped), maka induk kalimatnya pasti berbentuk past future (would prove).

8. Henry will not able to attend the meeting tonight because _____
    A. he must to teach a class
    B. he will be teaching a class
    C. of he will teach a class
    D. he will have teaching a class

Jawaban : B
Key word : because
Pembahasan : Setelah kata sambung because kita membutuhkan klausa. Dari pilihan jawaban yang ada, (A) tidak tepat karena must tidak diikuti to, (C) diawali dengan of, dan bentuk will have teaching pada (D) tidak tepat. Satu-satunya yang berpola benar adalah he will be teaching a class.

9. The Theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _____ long-term climatic changes in many areas during the past.
    A. must have been
    B. must be
    C. must have
    D. must

Jawaban : A
Key word : assumes; during the past
Pembahasan : Kata assume (menduga) mempunyai nuansa kepastian. Karena menyatakan suatu kepastian yang terjadi di waktu lampau maka polanya adalah must have + V3.
10. The man standing over there asked me whether he _____ the flowers from my garden.
    A. took
    B. might take
    C. ought to take
    D. would take

Jawaban : B
Key word : asked me; whether
Pembahasan : Kalimat tersebut menunjukkan permintaan izin dari laki-laki tersebut. Karena kalimat ini berbentuk lampau, maka pilihan yang tepat adalah might take.

11. The freshman failed to follow the advice of his senior that he studied hard and not to go out too much.

Jawaban : C
Key word : failed to follow the advice; that
Pembahasan : Frasa pada kata kunci memiliki tense dalam bentuk lampau, sedangkan that pada kalimat mengandung arti “agar”. Jadi tense pada anak kalimat seharusnya berbentuk past future perfect yaitu should have studied.

12. In the previous entrance test, the participants could ask one another as there was no one handling the class where they got the test, but they didn’t.

Jawaban : A
Key word : but they didn’t
Pembahasan : Frasa but they didn’t mengandung makna “tidak melakukan sesuatu yang seharusnya dapat dilakukan”.
Karena itu penggunaan could ask tidak tepat. Bentuk yang tepat adalah could have asked.

13. The artist getting accident must be so tired after having performance in Bandung as she fell asleep on the way home.

Jawaban : B
Key word : so tired; fell
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini juga menerangkan kepastian di waktu lampau.
Karena itu seharusnya pola yang digunakan adalah must have + V3 yaitu must have been.

14. The area where a microchip is manufactured must the cleanest environment possible.

Jawaban : C
Key word : the cleanest
Pembahasan : Must pada kalimat langsung diikuti definite article ‘the’. Karena itu dibutuhkan kata kerja setelah must yaitu be. Jadi must harus diganti must be.

15. The certificate of marriage should signby the couple getting married or it would be illegal.

Jawaban : A
Key word : by
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terdapat penggunaan by yang menunjukkan bahwa kalimat ini adalah kalimat pasif. Karena itu polanya harus should be + V3 menjadi should be signed.

16. I had finished cleaning the house when my friends arrived. this sentence means that ....

A. We were cleaning the house together

B. My friends did not see me cleaning the house

C. My friends came before i started cleaning the house

D. I stopped cleaning the house after my friends had come

17. Dedi : "Arya, how do you inspec in our new criminals?"

   Arya  :" I had the special agent......."

A. Investigate

B. Investigated

C. Investigater

D. Investigates

18. Every student.... wear uniform in flag ceremony.

A. Will

B. Shoul

C. Must

D. May

19. The new emploees are furious .. the news about their delayed salary.

A. Receiving

B. Received

C. To receive

D. Receive

20. .... Airlangga University has a well-respected medical school.

A. As university

B. As public university

C. As the university

D. As a public university

16. JAWABAN :B

Kalimat I had finished cleaning the house when my friends arrived dapat diartikan: Saya telah selesai membersihkan rumah ketika teman-teman saya telah datang.

Artinya teman-teman subjek tidak melihatnya membersihkan rumah. Jawaban yang tepat adalah : My friends did not see me cleaning the house.

17. JAWABAN : A

Had (bentuk past dari have) adalah salah satu causative verb. Have diikuti oleh bare infinitive (V1). jadi jawaban yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah investigate

18.  JAWABAN : C

Kalimat tersebut dapat dilengkapi dengan ungkapan "keharusan". Modal yang tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah must (harus)

19.  JAWABAN : A

Kalimat tersebut menggunakan bentuk present. Kalimat tersebut dapat menggunakan adjective phrase yang merupakan reduksi dari adjective clause yang menggunakan when.

The new employees are furious (when they are)receiving the news about their delayed salar. When they are bisa dihilangkan sehingga kalimat yang dihasilkan adalah "the new emploees are furious receiving the news about their delayed salary"

20.  JAWABAN : D

Prepositional phrase  yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut adalah as a public university yang berarti sebagai universitas publik.

Introduction letter bahasa inggris bisnis 2

Introduction letter

Assalamualaikum wr.wb

Dear Mr.Badaru syamsul,

My name is jamal eka priyogo.but please call me jamal.i was born in Jakarta on 19th November 1996. I am 22 years old.i live in vila mas indah blok C15 No 13 Bekasi Utara.zip code 17123. gender male. My hobby playing football and badminton.mobile 081287005281 and email address jamaleka19@gmail.com , a college student from University of Gunadarma.

Okey , just that from me,thank you again from me

Best regards,

Jamal Eka Priyogo