MATERIAL 1 SCIENCE COMPUTER
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
• According to CSAB (Computing Sciences Accreditation Board):
Computer Science is a science related to computers and computing. In it there are theoretical, experimental, and component design, and include things related to: theories to understand device computers, programs, and systems, experiments for the development and testing of concepts, design methodologies, algorithms, and tools to realize them , Analytical method to prove that the realization is in accordance with the requirements requested
• According to Denning
Computer Science is a systematic study of algorithmic processes that explain and transform information: whether it relates to theories, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, or applications that are in it. The basic question related to Computer Science is, "What can be automated efficiently". From the similarities in the use of terminology and the meaning of meaning in the definition used above, it can be concluded that Computer Science is a science that contains theory, methodology, design and implementation, related to computing, computers, and algorithms in the perspective of software and hardware (hardware).
Wrong Perception About Computer Science
Some misconceptions about Computer Science:
• Computer Science is the study of computers. Computer Science is not the only science of learning about computers, as well as astronomy which is not a science of telescopes, or biology is also not a science that only learns about microscopes. Computers, telescopes and microscopes are tools of science, and not science itself.
• Computer Science is the study of how to write computer programs.
• Computer Science is the study of the use of computer applications.
Some Branches of Computer Science
1. Computational Mathematics
Computational mathematics is mathematics that uses computing specifically with computers to solve mathematical problems.
2. Internet security
Internet security is an activity to protect and maintain resources and personal information on the internet.
When a computer is connected to a network and starts communicating with each other, it will start at risk. Internet security includes: account protection
(account) and internet files in a computer against user intrusion
foreign. A simple example is choosing a good password, changing file permissions and backing up computer data.
3. Data Warehouse
Data warehouse is a system that consolidates data periodically from existing systems, into a dimensional storage. In general, data warehouses store historical data for several years and are queried for business intelligence or other analytical activities.
Datawarehouse collects historical data which can then be presented as comprehensive material for management to be able to make decisions, analyze organizational requirements, and forecast the conditions of the organization based on data.
4. Mobile Computing
Mobile computing is using mobile computer equipment. Mobile Computing always means wireless transmission but not vice versa, wireless transmission does not always mean mobile computing.
5. Algorithms
In solving problems with the help of computers, the first step is to design (design). Design presents the programmer's way of thinking in solving problems. This design contains a sequence of steps to achieve a solution written in descriptive notations. The sequence of systematic steps to solve the problem is called ALGORITHM. The steps in the Algorithm must be logical and must be determined to be false or correct.
6. Practical considerations Example:
• An algorithm is not only correct and reliable, but also must be accurate and quite efficient. A numerical algorithm that accumulates errors that are too large for rounding may not be accurate.
• An algorithm that requires too many iterations might cause too much memory & storage usage.
• Making program code (analyzing the most frequently executed program statements) and techniques for making code more efficient in certain cases. In this case also need to keep in mind that an algorithm that is efficient in one problem becomes less efficient for another problem, so it requires other algorithms that are more efficient.
7. Computer Programming
Is a collection of separate instructions that are usually called source code made by programmers (program makers), in a programming language.
Compiler
The compiler or interpreter can be likened to a dictionary that serves to translate programming languages written by programmers into machine language so that the computer can work in accordance with the provisions of the program written. Machine language is a language known by computers
8. Human Interaction with computers (Human-Computer Interaction)
Providing ways for communication between computers and humans.
Example: development of three-dimensional input & output, handwriting & speech recognition.
9. Operating Systems (Operating Systems) is a software system whose duty is to exercise control and management
hardware and basic system operations, including running application software such as word processing programs and web browsers.
10. Programming system
System programming is the activity of system programming software.
The characteristics of this programming system are aimed at producing software that provides services to users (eg word processors), hardware (eg disk defragmenters).
11. CRM
• CRM is an IT industry term for methodologies, strategies, software (or other web-based applications) that can help a company (enterprise, if it is large in size) to manage its relationships with customers
• CRM is an enterprise's effort to concentrate on keeping customers (so as not to run to competitors) by gathering all forms of customer interaction whether via telephone, email, input on the site or the results of talks with sales and marketing staff
• CRM is a comprehensive business strategy of a company that enables the company to effectively manage relationships with customers
12. Geographic Information System
Following, some definitions of GIS according to experts:
• According to Aronaff, 1989.
GIS is an information system based on computer work that incorporates, manages, manipulates and analyzes data and provides descriptions.
• According to Barrough, 1986.
GIS is a useful tool for collecting, stockpiling, retrieving desired data and displaying spatial data that comes from world realities.
• According to Marble et al, 1983.
GIS is a spatial data handling system.
• According to Berry, 1988.
GIS is an information system, internal reference, and spatial data automation.
• According to Calkin and Tomlison, 1984.
GIS is an important computerized data system.
• According to Linden, 1987.
GIS is a system for managing, storing, processing (manipulating), analyzing and displaying data spatially related to the face of the earth.
• According to Petrus Paryono.
GIS is a computer-based system that is used to store, manipulate and analyze geographic information.
From the above definitions it can be concluded that:
GIS is the management of geographic data based on computer work (machines).
13. Management Information System
The definition of a management information system, a term commonly known to people is a human / machine system that is integrated (intregated) to present information to support the functions of operations, management, and decision making in an organization. This system uses hardware and computer software, guideline procedures, management models and decisions, and a "data base".
14. Object-oriented programming (OOP)
OOP (Object Oriented Programming) is object oriented programming. This programming enhances the quality and productivity of software development. The development program is carried out with a building block approach. Each block, called an object, is independent and is able to run on its own or key to each other easily and automatically.
15. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
An ERP system is a terminology given to an integrated information system that supports daily transactions or operations in the management of company resources. These resources include funds, people, machinery, spare parts, time, materials and capacity.
16. Computer networks
A computer network is a system consisting of computers and other network devices that work together to achieve a common goal. The purpose of computer networks is:
• Sharing resources: for example sharing printer usage, CPU, memory, hard disk
• Communication: for example electronic mail, instant messaging, chatting
• Access information: for example web browsing
17. Ad-hoc Networks
Ad hoc networks are usually associated with wireless devices. When a connection has been made between two or more computers without a station base, they have formed an ad hoc network. Ad hoc who still holds the definition in this case because the connection is not fixed but has been formed temporarily to meet certain needs.
18. Database management system (DBMS)
Is a system or software (software) designed to manage a database and run operations on data that many users ask.
19. Artificial Intelligent
Definition of AI: is a process in which mechanical equipment can carry out events using thinking or intelligence like humans.
The capability of a device to perform functions that are normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning and optimization through experience.
AI is a branch of computer science that attempts to approximate the results of human reasoning by organizing and manipulating factual and heuristic knowledge. Area of AI includes: Expert systems, Natural Language Processing, speech recognition, Computer vision, and robotic.
• Expert System: a computer program designed to make decisions such as decisions taken by one or several experts. According to Marimin (1992), expert systems are computer software systems that use science, facts, and thinking techniques in decision making to solve problems that usually only can be solved by experts in the relevant field.
• Natural Language Processing
NLP is a scientific discipline that combines linguistics with computer science, especially artificial intelligence.
Applications NLP:
· Voice-controlled computer interfaces (eg in the cockpit of an aircraft)
· Programs that can make characters in the game interact more realistic
· Robots that can interact with humans, for example in hospitals · Data mining, to know consumer profiles, and e-commerce applications.
Data Mining
Some of the understanding of data mining proposed by experts are as follows:
• In simple data mining can be defined as extracting information or patterns that are important or interesting from data in a large database so that it becomes very valuable information (Sucahyo, 2003)
• Data mining is an efficient discovery process that is the best pattern that can produce something of value from a very large data collection (Anonymous).
• Data mining is a beneficial pattern in searching a database contained in a model. This process is carried out repeatedly (iterations) to obtain a satisfying set of patterns that can function as expected (Chung, 2004).
• Data mining is a class of a database application that looks for patterns hidden in a data group that can be used to predict future behavior (Anonymous).
Based on some of the above meanings, it can be concluded that data mining is:
a technique in extracting valuable information that is hidden or hidden in a very large data collection so that an interesting pattern is discovered that was not previously known.
If a data mining algorithm is applied to a software, data mining software not only replaces the presentation, but actually finds something previously unknown, to appear between existing data sets. The output of data mining software can be used as material for consideration to predict future behavior or trends. Data mining appeared after many of the data owners both individuals and organizations experienced a buildup of data that has been accumulated for several years, such as purchasing data, sales data, customer data, transaction data, e-mail, and so on. Then the question arises from the data owner, what should be done with the data stack.
• Speech recognition
Speech recognition aims at the introduction and synthesis of human speech.
• Computer Vision
Computer Vision is the use of digital computer techniques to describe, recognize and interpret information in three-dimensional visual images of the world • Robotic
Focused on the production of mechanical devices that can control motion. For example: a simple robot can or can move / move to the front, back, right or left or move to a different room. A robot is actually blind in the form of a sequence of actions if without an effort to replace its components or be able to detect and correct errors in the plan it would be difficult if without intelligence.
Exercise:
1. What is the meaning of computer science?
2. Mention the branches of computer science and their use in everyday life
3. What is the difference from Data Mining and Data warehouse
1. Computer Science is the study of computers. Computer Science is not the only science of learning about computers, as well as astronomy which is not a science of telescopes, or biology is also not a science that only learns about microscopes. Computers, telescopes and microscopes are tools of science, and not science itself.
2. 1. Computational Mathematics
2. Internet security
3. Data Warehouse
4. Mobile Computing
5. Algorithms
3. Data Mining
Some of the understanding of data mining proposed by experts are as follows:
• In simple data mining can be defined as extracting information or patterns that are important or interesting from data in a large database so that it becomes very valuable information (Sucahyo, 2003)
• Data mining is an efficient discovery process that is the best pattern that can produce something of value from a very large data collection (Anonymous).
• Data mining is a beneficial pattern in searching a database contained in a model. This process is carried out repeatedly (iterations) to obtain a satisfying set of patterns that can function as expected (Chung, 2004).
• Data mining is a class of a database application that looks for patterns hidden in a data group that can be used to predict future behavior (Anonymous).
Based on some of the above meanings, it can be concluded that data mining is:
a technique in extracting valuable information that is hidden or hidden in a very large data collection so that an interesting pattern is discovered that was not previously known.
Data Warehouse
Data warehouse is a system that consolidates data periodically from existing systems, into a dimensional storage. In general, data warehouses store historical data for several years and are queried for business intelligence or other analytical activities.
Datawarehouse collects historical data which can then be presented as comprehensive material for management to be able to make decisions, analyze organizational requirements, and forecast the conditions of the organization based on data.
